JOB DESIGN AND JOB CHARACTERISTICS :: essays research papers

Job design and job characteristics ar very interesting topics for discussion. In my opinion the modern route, that of fitting jobs to people, is the best decision a film director can make when designing jobs. It relinquishs employees more space to bewilder new challenges and take more responsibility in their job.While reading the Overview of the Job Characteristics theoretical account each of the concepts mentioned brought several examples in my mind. I do not want to cite the concepts from the book, but I will give some examples from my own experience and that of my colleagues.The organisation where I work is undergoing several major changes, such as replacing the IT system, changing the work process and procedures, launching new products in the market, move all the branches online, etc. This has generally lead to dissatisfaction of employees, since they are working long hours and even weekends and are not being motivated enough. Their salary has not changed and no bonuses a re promised. This may lead to inefficiency and absenteeism. People may be less efficient to finish work earlier and even take sick leave from work to be more with their families. Another issue related to the change is that employees are required to learn how to use this new system and procedures in a very short period of time and this has caused increased stress, apart from the fear that this change can bring about understaffing in the near future. People are really trying hard to fit into the new system and rules, but their expectations are not always met.Since I am talking about encounter expectations, I would like to be a little more specific. When I was first interviewed for the job position I currently fill, I was told that I would have a salary increase. Yet, after ten months, nothing has changed it still remains a promise. And I have even started thinking about looking for other job, at a time when I didnt even think about leaving my current job. Unmet expectations can le ad to such situations and managers have to be really careful this does not happen, or at least they must try to find a system of prevention.Moreover, people feel they are not treated equally as regards pay and promotions. There are new employees coming in the organisation and they receive higher salaries than the existing employees, who have been working there for years and have much more experience.

The Ethics of File Sharing Software Essay -- Computers Technology Soft

The Ethics of File Sharing Software Introduction The purpose of this melodic theme is to discuss the ethical problem that file sharing software creates when used to transfer copy written material. It is contested that the very existence of this software promotes piracy. The newspaper publisher will focus on the creators of the file sharing software, knowing that the user employs their product illegally. The software creators (Kazaa, Grokster, Morpheus, etc) are claiming that they cannot control what the end user does with its product. In fact, this horizontal surface has been upheld by a recent court ruling. As music and movies are now available almost exclusively in digital formats (CD and DVDs), the ease of copy them to computers is easy. And with the Internet, the ability to share via Napster, or Kazaa, is just as easy.How File Sharing Worksi File sharing popularity increased with the birth of Napster. It allowed users to connect to each opposite by a central serv er. Napster pioneered the concept of peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P). With Napster, individual people stored files that they wanted to share (typically MP3 music files) on their hard discs and shared them directly with other people. Users ran a piece of Napster software that made this sharing possible. Each user machine became a mini server. By installing Napster software, your computer becomes a down(p) server in the Napster universe. You can now contact the main Napster server for your request, but if your request was not available on the main server, then a search is conducted on all the computers connected to the Napster main server at that time. The song or file is downloaded directly from the resident computer. Napster evolved into this approach after i... ... of import Books, 2002) James Rachels, The Elements of Moral Philosophy, (New York McGraw-Hill, 2003) James Fieser PhD., Bradley Dowden PhD., The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003, University of Tennessee a t Martin, 17 November 2003 http//www.utm.edu/research/iep/ i Marshall Brain, How File Sharing Works, Nov. 2003ii Ibidiii Ibidiv Claudia Roda, Usenet (Usegroups), Sept. 2003 v David Bruce Ingram, PhD, Jennifer Parks, PhD, The Complete Idiots Guide to Understanding Ethics, (Indianapolis important Books, 2002) 138vi James Rachels, The Elements of Moral Philosophy, (New York McGraw-Hill, 2003) 92-93 vii Ibid 77viii Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness, (New York Penguin Books, 1961) 27

Sylvias Struggle in The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara Essay -- Sylvia’s

Toni Cade Bambaras The Lesson revolves around a young black girls cope to come to foothold with the role that economic injustice, and the larger social injustice that it constitutes, plays in her life. Sylvia, the storys protagonist, initially is reluctant to acknowledge that she is a victim of poverty. Far from existence oblivious of the disparity between the rich and the poor, however, one might say that on some subconscious level, she is in fact aware of the inequity that permeates golf club and which contributes to her inexorably disadvantaged economic situation. That she relates poverty to shameBut I feel funny, shame. But what I got to be shamed about? Got as often right to go in as anybody (Bambara 604)offers an indication as to why she is so hard-pressed to concede her substandard socioeconomic standing in the larger scheme of things. Sylvia is forced to finally address the true state of her place in society, however, when she observes firsthand the stark contrast betwe en the rich and the poor at a fancy toy store in Manhattan. Initially furious about the blinding disparity, her emotionally charged reaction ultimately culminates in her credenza of the real state of things, and this acceptance in turn cultivates her resolve to take action against the socioeconomic inequality that verily afflicts her, ensuring that aint nobody gonna standard me at nuthin (606). The Lesson posits that far from being insurmountable, economic and social injustice can be risen above, but it is necessary that we first acknowledge the role that it plays in our lives, and then determine to take action against it indifference, and the inaction that it breeds, can only serve to perpetuate such injustices.Sylvias languid regard for Miss Mo... ... The extraordinary access to higher education and employment (African American np) that African Americans have been party to since the Civil Rights Movement speaks strongly to the opportunities for change that this country affords its citizens. However, the value of the struggle cannot be lost on us. We must recognize that such fundamental change does not manifest itself overnight it is achievable only where a perdurable commitment to it is available. Change is not beyond us. Action, however, is its necessary predecessor.Works CitedBambara, Toni, Cade. The Lesson. New York The Continuum Publishing Corporation, 1972.Cartwright, Jerome. Bambaras The Lesson. The Explicator 47.3 (Spring 1989) 61-64. Literature Resource Center. Web. 27 Nov. 2014. African American Web. 27 Nov. 2014. http//www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/African_American

anthropic principle :: essays research papers

The Anthropic PrincipleIn the early 1970s, Brandon Carter stated what he called "the anthropic principle" that what we whoremaster expect to comply "must be restricted by the conditions necessary for our presence as observers" (Leslie ed. 1990). Carters word "anthropic" was intended as applying to intelligent beings in general. The " powerless(prenominal)" version of his principle covered the spatiotemporal districts in which observers found themselves, while its " self-coloured" version covered their universes, but the distinction between spatiotemporal districts and universes, and and then between the weak principle and the strong, could not always be made firmly one writers "universe" could sometimes be another(prenominal)s "gigantic district". Moreover, the necessity involved was never -- not even in the case of the "strong anthropic principle" -- a effect of saying that some factor, for instance God, had made our universe utterly fated to be intelligent- tone-permitting, let alone intelligent-life-containing. However, all these points have often been misunderstood and, at least when it comes to stating what words mean, errors regularly repeated tail end cease to be errors. Has Carter in that locationfore lost all right to determine what "anthropic principle" and "strong anthropic principle" really mean? No, he has not, for his suggestion that observerships prerequisites might set up observational selection effects is of such importance. Remember, it could give light on any observed fine tuning without introducing God. Everything is thrust into confusion when people say that belief in God "is supported by the anthropic principle", meaning simply that they believe in fine tuning and think God can explain it. As enunciated by Carter , the anthropic principle does not so much as mention fine tuning. Being aware of possible "anthropic" observational selectio n effects can encourage one set of expectations, and belief in God another set. If suspecting that Carters anthropic principle has practical importance, you will be readier to believe (i) that there exist multiple universes and (ii) that their characteristics have been settled randomly, some mechanism such as cosmic inflation ensuring that all was settled in the same stylus throughout the region visible to our telescopes. True, the believer in God can accept these things too, yet he or she may feel far less pressure to accept them. Even if there existed only a single universe, God could have fine tuned it in ways that encouraged intelligent life to evolve. A possible argument for preferring the God hypothesis runs as follows. A physical force strength or elementary particle mass can often seem to have required tuning to such and such a numerical value, plus or minus very little, for several distinguishable reasons.

Essay on the Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Ake

usance of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Aké   The Nigerian novelist Wole Soyinkas memoir, Aké, is a base told through the eyes of a child. Many incidents and the dialogues within these incidents are scripted in a tone which is suggestive of the sinlessness and actions which would only be performed by someone in a child-like state of mind. Soyinkas masterful use of this tone, and the firsthand use of first person in story telling combine to form a realistic childhood picture. In the third chapter we find late Wole describing a sort of parade which is passing ahead the walls of his home compound. This point in time seems to be when Wole first discovers the founding beyond his front door. This actualisation can be likened to the destruction of the geocentric scheme in which man comes to the realization that he is not the center of the universe. We see this realization in this acknowledgment from page 37 It became clear then that we in the parsonage were living in a separate town by ourselves, and that Aké was the rest of what I could see. some other example of childlike thinking can be found in the description of a tuba. In the parade there is a man manner of walking with a tuba. Wole makes the association of the cost of the tuba and the bell part of a gramophone. Young Wole says, Tinu and I had long rejected the story that the music which came from the gramophone was make by a special singing mouse click locked in the machine. We never saw it fed, so it would have long starved to death. I had not only found the means of opening up the machine, so the mystery remained (41). Here we find child-like reasoning at its finest. At the end of Woles story of his exploration of the world outside of his familial com... ...wo places, (187-188) Wole, along with his comrades, expresses this belief in bad magic. Another example of child-like rationality can be seen in the quick belief in a conspiracy theory seen in th is simple eye from page 188 ...they had come to spoil the ground for others Child-like actions are found in the notions of justice, also found on page 188, when the children kick the bucket judge, jury, and executioner of their peers with the line Someone proposed that we search their luggage...and was vociferously cheered. The writing of a memoir through the eyes of a child can produce a highly entertaining work, as proved by Wole Soyinka. Through the use of third person and the masterful use of the innocence and language of childhood, Soyinka has written a memoir that can make us recollect what is was like to see the world through the eyes of a child.       Essay on the Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Ake Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Aké   The Nigerian novelist Wole Soyinkas memoir, Aké, is a story told through the eyes of a child. Many incidents and the dialogues within these incidents a re written in a tone which is suggestive of the innocence and actions which would only be performed by someone in a child-like state of mind. Soyinkas masterful use of this tone, and the primary use of first person in story telling combine to form a realistic childhood picture. In the third chapter we find young Wole describing a sort of parade which is passing before the walls of his home compound. This point in time seems to be when Wole first discovers the world beyond his front door. This realization can be likened to the destruction of the geocentric theory in which man comes to the realization that he is not the center of the universe. We see this realization in this quote from page 37 It became clear then that we in the parsonage were living in a separate town by ourselves, and that Aké was the rest of what I could see. Another example of childlike thinking can be found in the description of a tuba. In the parade there is a man walking with a tuba. Wole makes the assoc iation of the bell of the tuba and the bell part of a gramophone. Young Wole says, Tinu and I had long rejected the story that the music which came from the gramophone was made by a special singing dog locked in the machine. We never saw it fed, so it would have long starved to death. I had not yet found the means of opening up the machine, so the mystery remained (41). Here we find child-like reasoning at its finest. At the end of Woles story of his exploration of the world outside of his familial com... ...wo places, (187-188) Wole, along with his comrades, expresses this belief in bad magic. Another example of child-like rationality can be seen in the quick belief in a conspiracy theory seen in this line from page 188 ...they had come to spoil the ground for others Child-like actions are found in the notions of justice, also found on page 188, when the children become judge, jury, and executioner of their peers with the line Someone proposed that we search their luggage...and wa s vociferously cheered. The writing of a memoir through the eyes of a child can produce a highly entertaining work, as proved by Wole Soyinka. Through the use of third person and the masterful use of the innocence and language of childhood, Soyinka has written a memoir that can make us remember what is was like to see the world through the eyes of a child.      

Essay on the Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Ake

Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Aké   The Nigerian novelist Wole Soyinkas narrative, Aké, is a base told through the eyes of a child. Many incidents and the dialogues indoors these incidents are written in a tone which is suggestive of the innocence and actions which would only be per abidanceed by someone in a child-like state of mind. Soyinkas masterly use of this tone, and the primary use of first person in tale telling combine to form a realistic childhood picture. In the trio chapter we dominate young Wole describing a sort of parade which is passing before the walls of his home compound. This point in time seems to be when Wole first discovers the gentleman beyond his front door. This acknowledgment rear end be likened to the destruction of the geocentric theory in which man comes to the realization that he is not the center of the universe. We see this realization in this quote from page 37 It became clear then that we in the parsonage were living in a separate town by ourselves, and that Aké was the lay of what I could see. Another grammatical case of childlike thinking can be found in the definition of a tuba. In the parade there is a man walking with a tuba. Wole makes the association of the bell of the tuba and the bell part of a gramophone. youthfulness Wole says, Tinu and I had long rejected the story that the symphony which came from the gramophone was made by a special singing dog locked in the machine. We never power saw it fed, so it would have long starved to death. I had not yet found the means of opening up the machine, so the mystery remained (41). Here we find child-like reasoning at its finest. At the end of Woles story of his exploration of the world outside of his familial com... ...wo places, (187-188) Wole, along with his comrades, expresses this belief in bad magic. Another example of child-like rationality can be seen in the bustling belief in a conspiracy theory seen in this line from page 188 ...they had come to spoil the ground for others Child-like actions are found in the notions of justice, also found on page 188, when the children become judge, jury, and executioner of their peers with the line Someone proposed that we search their luggage...and was vociferously cheered. The writing of a memoir through the eyes of a child can produce a highly entertaining work, as proved by Wole Soyinka. Through the use of triad person and the masterful use of the innocence and diction of childhood, Soyinka has written a memoir that can make us remember what is was like to see the world through the eyes of a child.       Essay on the Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Ake Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Aké   The Nigerian novelist Wole Soyinkas memoir, Aké, is a story told through the eyes of a child. Many incidents and the dialogues within these incidents are writt en in a tone which is suggestive of the innocence and actions which would only be performed by someone in a child-like state of mind. Soyinkas masterful use of this tone, and the primary use of first person in story telling combine to form a realistic childhood picture. In the third chapter we find young Wole describing a sort of parade which is passing before the walls of his home compound. This point in time seems to be when Wole first discovers the world beyond his front door. This realization can be likened to the destruction of the geocentric theory in which man comes to the realization that he is not the center of the universe. We see this realization in this quote from page 37 It became clear then that we in the parsonage were living in a separate town by ourselves, and that Aké was the rest of what I could see. Another example of childlike thinking can be found in the description of a tuba. In the parade there is a man walking with a tuba. Wole makes the association o f the bell of the tuba and the bell part of a gramophone. Young Wole says, Tinu and I had long rejected the story that the music which came from the gramophone was made by a special singing dog locked in the machine. We never saw it fed, so it would have long starved to death. I had not yet found the means of opening up the machine, so the mystery remained (41). Here we find child-like reasoning at its finest. At the end of Woles story of his exploration of the world outside of his familial com... ...wo places, (187-188) Wole, along with his comrades, expresses this belief in bad magic. Another example of child-like rationality can be seen in the quick belief in a conspiracy theory seen in this line from page 188 ...they had come to spoil the ground for others Child-like actions are found in the notions of justice, also found on page 188, when the children become judge, jury, and executioner of their peers with the line Someone proposed that we search their luggage...and was vocife rously cheered. The writing of a memoir through the eyes of a child can produce a highly entertaining work, as proved by Wole Soyinka. Through the use of third person and the masterful use of the innocence and language of childhood, Soyinka has written a memoir that can make us remember what is was like to see the world through the eyes of a child.      

Freytag’s Pyramid in A Rose for Emily

Though a non-linear narrative, Faulkners A Rose for Emily fits well into the dramatic structure outlined in Freytags Pyramid. explanation is centered around the death of the eponymous character, Emily Grierson, and details her history in the town of Jefferson.Moving backward in time, a deal between Emily and a fountain mayor, Colonel Sartoris, is discussed, in which Emily is remitted of all taxes due to a loan Emilys father made to the town before his death. This expository information allows the reader to form a more substantive picture of Emily before the narrative actually begins.Faulkner establishes the tone of the story as cryptic and elliptical. Emily is someone who preserve scarce be cognize vaguely, through all that can be understood in a few incidents. By failing to disclose too much about Emily, Faulkner lends her an personal credit line of mystery, thus heightening the readers interest in her character.The story then leaps back in time thirty years, when there was co ncern in Jefferson over a smell coming from Emilys house. This is the auspicate of rising action, in which the narrative acquires tautness in conflict. Now the narrative is propelled forward by the readers oddment- what is causing this horrible smell? All of this builds on the mystery surrounding Emily, she becomes not so much a woman as an apparition, a vague blur in the mind of the reader.As the narrative proceeds on it constantly moves backward in time, so that the climax occurs at the point furthest in the past. Emilys purchase of the arsenic precedes chronologically the events of the first, second, fourth, and fifth parts of the story. A Rose for Emily inverts the traditional narrative structure in which a story generally drives toward some point in the future, delving into the past for its revelations.The purchase of the arsenic must be regarded as the storys climax for it is the only instance in which Emily takes action within the narrative. She resolves here to take that a ction, the fruits of which are revealed in the final part of the story when the skeleton of Homer Barron is found in her bedroom.Part four of the story represents falling action, as with the purchase of the arsenic the fate of Homer Barron has been settled. That the arrival of Emilys family, or kin as Faulkner refers to them, is merely napped upon in the vaguest terms serves as evidence- the focus of the story is elsewhere. All that is left here is for the story to unravel into the denouement, which comes of course with the discovery of her supposed husbands corpse.Here, Faulkner pulls back the curtain and allows the reader to briefly glimpse some of the mystery behind Emily, and by simply suggesting at one perversion, he hints at a whole host of other strange activities. Thus the story is concluded not by solving the mystery, but rather by increasing its disgraceful allure.In a story, such as A Rose for Emily, which is as much about ambience as it is about creating drama, a small action can carry great weight. Emilys very presence, dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse, shocks the small town of Jefferson out of entropy and into the life of narrative.Thus, though the story is nominally propelled along by curiosity over a strange odor emanating from her house, it is Emily herself in the end that sustains the interest of the reader. Though Freytags Pyramid is an excellent guide for distilling dramatic structure from an other than elusive narrative, its application is limited. While the model corresponds to the purely dramatic elements of A Rose for Emily it cannot account for such complementary elements such as tone and style, which oft facilitate drama just as much as a well-honed structure.Faulkners writing operates obliquely, touching points of interest and then just as quickly departing from them, leaving a s commence fog about the people and places he evokes. The use of Freytags Pyramid can help shine a light through this fog and offer on e a greater insight into the nature of this mysterious piece, A Rose for Emily.

An Analysis of Our Town Essay

Needless to say, Our Town is one of the most popular prevails by Thornton Wilder and not for nothing has it won the Pulitzer Prize in 1938. The most earthshaking aspect in Our Town is the representation of the everyday sprightliness. Not only when does the vivify explores American values of religion or family, it similarly addresses themes like mortality or as mentioned before, the value of the everyday invigoration. Our Town is not offered as a picture of life in a novel Hampshire village or as a speculation about the conditions of life after death.It is an attempt to find a value above any equipment casualty for the smallest events in our daily life. Online 1 Life is often taken for granted although we are aware of the fact that life is short and that it can end at all time. Many people do not take heed of their life and they do not pay attention to all those little things which make life important. Thats all human beings are Just blind people. (Wilder 1984 93). Like Emi ly, a character of Our Town, mentioned, people are not aware of how precious life is. Therefore the main aim of this piece is to give an analysis of how Thornton Wilder tries to instill the audience through several messages implied in Our Town.At first, the term paper will tell about Thornton Wilders life, because it is important to know about his personal life when taking his works into consideration. Wilder never stop writing, even when he worked as a professor. Here we can clearly see a connection to his works, because especially in Our Town, as mentioned before, he tries to teach the reader or audience by pointing out how precious all the small things in life are and that the people should become aware of all those things. That instrument that he is not only teaching students on the university, but also the audience through his works.Secondly, this term paper will give nigh important facts about Our Town, which are necessary to understand the background and Wilders implied m essages. Then there will be an analysis on each act of the play based on the main theme, namely that its the little things in life that count. These analysis will mainly concentrate on the most significant aspects and parts of the play that carry Wilders implied lessons and messages. At the end of the term paper there will be a short conclusion including an own interlingual rendition and opinion of Our Town. Biographical BackgroundThornton Niven Wilder was born on April 17 in 1897 in Madison, Wisconsin. He was an American novelist and playwright. He wrote several stories, for example, he was asked to relieve the screenplay for the film Shadow of a Doubt by Alfred Hitchcock. see Online 2 This was a major honour for Thornton Wilder, because during his lifetime, he was fascinated by Alfred Hitchcock. Thornton Wilder, amongst other things, also wrote the book The duet of San Luis Rey in 1927, one of his illustrious books, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1928. see Online 3 Literature played an important role in Thornton Wilders multi-talented family.Although his father, Amos Parker Wilder, an US diplomat and his mother, Isabella Niven, were not that ofttimes into literature, or so of Wilders siblings were famous poets or writers. You might say that Thornton Wilder were born with his literary talent. He early discovered his fascination for literature and therefore he began writing plays during his education at the Thacher School in California. His family moved to China in 1910, where his father had to work, and therefore Thornton Wilder had to attend the China Inland missionary post Chefoo School at Yantai.He returned with his mother and his siblings in 1912 and graduated from Berkeley High School in 1915. He began to study law, but he abandoned his studies only two years later. after serving in the United States Coast Guard during World War I, he attended Oberlin College before earning his B. A. at Yale University in 1920, where he refined his writing skill s as a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity, a literary society. He earned his M. A. in French from Princeton University in 1926. Online 4After his studies, he began teaching at the University of Chicago, but he never stopped writing. During this time his first novels and plays were published, for example, Our Town. This play is considered to be one of this most famous plays, and it also won the Pulitzer Prize in 1938, the year when the play was published. Thornton Wilder died on December 7, in 1975 in Hamden, Connecticut. He was an American icon, and an internationally famous playwright and novelist. To this day, his works are read, performed and appreciated by audiences worldwide. Online 5Our Town General Our Town is a so-called slice-of-life story, which means that the reader is able to relate to the story. He feels like he is involved in the play, because of its representation of the daily life and all those little things in life which makes it interesting. Theme Our town ha s a carpe diem theme. Translated it means seize the day, people should concentrate themselves on the little things in life which are often unappreciated. In some way, the play wants to teach the audience to wreak consideration upon the little things in life. PublicationThornton Wilders idea was to tell the reader to appreciate every moment of every day, not least because life is fleeting. The play was first shown in 1938, in the big immigration year, when Europeans came to the US because of the second world war. At this time, the people were confronted with all those negative aspects of life and in some way we can assume that the play Our Town was shown at a perfect time a time, when everyone wanted to escape reality to see something wholly different. Or better said, to see how life can be and thats the little things in life that counts.For Wilder it was important to teach the audience to esteem every small thing in life and not to take life for granted. It was the time of the Am erican Renaissance and the notion of experimenting with the audience was getting much and more important. This time was characterised by extensive experimentation and originality. We can assume that the aspect of experimenting in Our Town is shown through the stage manager. Usually a fabricator takes place in short stories and novels, but not in plays, but this is the case in Our Town.

Being Truly Human

WHAT MAKES MAN TRULY HUMAN? What makes man truly human? This question alone is very difficult to answer. Although I am a human being, being thrown a question like this makes me think otherwise if I am truly human. After given much(prenominal) question, sets of question started popping inside my head. Questions like, who am I really? Would I be considered as fully human just because I was born in the figure of a human being? How do I become a truly human? continue to linger on my mind.Let me start eat up by saying that human are the same as animals in terms of biological components. Like animals, we have a certain hunger to inclination a certain object, be it achievement or whatsoever, for fulfillment and survival. We humans do rely on our instincts from time to time. However, are we the same as animals? Or are we far more than them? After much self-reflection, I come to the conclusion that we are better than animals. We are far more superior to them. organism human is being fr ee. Free in a sense that no one would dictate me on what to do.As a human being, I have a mind of my own making myself superior to animals which rely purely on their instincts. I am not born in this world just to satisfy others nor to make others feel inferior. I am capable of thinking, feeling, rationalizing, and making decisions for myself. I use these abilities to create a better me, to achieve a higher cling to to my life. However, being free also means that there are certain responsibilities that an individual has. I am in control of my life and liable for the consequences of the choices that I am about to make, may it be good or bad.Even though I said that being free means that I get to do the things that I would want to do, I did not intend to mean that I will be doing things that would harm my fellow neighbor. What I meant to say was that I would do the things that would benefit me and others as well. Living a good quality life is a way of becoming human. Human beings are capable of socializing with others. As the saying goes, no man is an island. One cannot live without the other. Humans need companions or other humans in order to survive.Humans are capable of loving, and so socializing with others would not be a difficult task. What makes man truly human is his capacity of understanding himself as a free and responsible being. through these responsibilities, a human is able to understand that he/she lives with more concern towards others. Being and becoming human is a gift from our Almighty Creator. He bestowed upon us the ability to reason out and the so-called free will. Thus, becoming human is living a virtuous life, as proposed by Aristotle in his friendly mean theory, or simply a balanced life.

Moby Dick: The Brit Essay

It is in hu world nature to hold in contempt and misgiving things unknown to them, on the other hand m either good deal hold the pursuit of knowledge as the one true path to fulfillment in life. The dangers of the pursuit of knowledge are an underlying topic in outcasts discussion of brit. shipwreck survivor describes the sea as enigmatic and immensely more dangerous than the land in doing so reveals how attempting to study the unknown in the pursuit of knowledge is far more dangerous than remaining ignorant. In castaways discussion about brit he quickly drifts cancelled the subject of the actual brit and begins to make comparisons between the land and the sea. He states that as yet though some old naturalists have maintained that all creatures if the land are of kind in the sea(Melville 272), he has yet to see any creatures of the sea that have the same charm and kindness as domesticated pets. He reveals the inherent lack of kindness or hospitability in oceanic creatures by making this statement.He goes on to say that,however baby valet may brag if his science and skill, and however much in a dart future that science and skill may augment yet forever and ever to the crack of dawn, the sea will continue to insult and murder him man has lost that sense of the awfulness of the sea which aboriginally belongs to it.(Melville 273). This passage illustrates the core of what Ishmael is try to describe in his argument. It reveals the horror and indomitable terror of the sea, which according to Ishmael people seem to have forgotten about and take for granted.He also belittles humans in the passage calling them baby man showing how powerless he believes people are compared to the sea and how no matter how much people advance they cannot compare to the seas power. He goes on to expand on this idea stating the many ways in which the oceans horrors hold supremacy over all others such as the seas lack of mercy and control as well as its deceiving beauty and how it s most dreaded creatures glide under water unapparent for the most part and treacherously hidden beneath the loveliest azure(Melville 274)Underlying this translation of the terror of the ocean is a warning Ishmael attempts to show how trying to study the unknown in pursuit of knowledge is far more dangerous than remaining in a state of ignorance. Ishmael uses detailed description to over emphasize how terrifying the ocean is. This shows the use of storytelling and redefinition in order to get the auditory modality picture the terrors of the ocean and in doing so empathize with Ishmaels beliefs. This indicates Ishmaels use of pathos in his argument.Ishmael besides describing the ocean as a perilous place he describes it as an everlasting terra incognita (Melville 273), this declaration of the incapableness of man to unravel the mysteries of the ocean shows the, almost fearful, reverence he holds towards the ocean and its mysteries. A reverence he attempts to impart upon the audienc e through the aforementioned use of hyperbole and redefinition, showing a use of pathos to make the audience sympathize with these feelings.It seems that Ishmael would rather people not attempt to learn about the unknown rather than expose themselves to its dangers. This is apparent when this extract, For as thy appalling ocean surrounds the verdant land, so in the soul of a man there lies one insular Tahiti, full of peace and joy, but encompassed by the horrors of the half known life. God keep thee push not off from that isle, thou canst never return(Melville 274). This is the conclusion to Ishmaels discussion and reveals the reasoning for his statements.The horrors of the half known life encompassing the insular Tahiti are the things people attempt to learn about the world and themselves. Ishmael believes that by venturing out into the sea of ones soul man exposes himself to all the dangers of the world. This shows how he believes that it is snap off to remain on a peninsula of i gnorance and comfort than venture out into the sea of knowledge.Ishmael urges people to remain in their small insular world exist by what lies beyond. He believes that one will find less comfort in discoveries than in ignorance and as such people should stay clear of the mysteries of the world.

Analysis of a Poem Essay

Andrew Marvells poetry To His Coy Mistress gives the referee a chance to delve into the mind of the narrator as he tells of his roll in the hay for his mistress. This seems to be a simple enough theme, and indeed poets cast been sounding break through their barbaric yawps for quite some time over this issue of cut, that what is so intriguing and memorable about Marvells take on contend is how romantic it is (romantic in the romance way and not in the Romantic time period of poetry).He gives more of a narrative account of his eff instead of the more fantastical accounts which accompany any number of Poes verse forms to his lost Lenore or even of a less stable vision of sweetheart that Rimbaud portends to in his Barbarian metrical composition. Marvells take on romance and love is a very elegant poem in this essay Marvells elegant style and the way in which he sets the scene with concrete and realistic details will be given strict attention along with the illustration and use of allusion.To begin with, Marvell introduces the reader to the subject of the poem even before the poem is begun. He applies the adjective coy to his mistress which is a word rich of connotations. With this word in mind in describing his mistress the reader is left to wonder why the cleaning woman is coy, or what makes her or causes her to be this way. Already the readers mind is a race toward an explanation of the woman. Thus, Marvell has succeeded in creating an air of mystery around the object of his affection and thereby placing an enigmatic tone to the poem even before one has read the first tenor.In typical romance fashion Marvell begins his poem with turn of the line which expresses things that be not but if they were he states what he and his love would do, Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. (Marvell line 1-2). The word coy derives in part from the word coquettish which is a French word used to describe gaining the affections of the opposite sex for personal gratification. Thus, it would seem that Marvell is painting out the object of his desire to be a woman who has a lot of vanity and wishes to conquer his heart. Thus, the poem sets itself up to connotative notions of hedonism.This is states because the woman wants the older mans affections for no other reason except to fetch them She does not desire his affections for love or money or any personal gain except for her own vanity. Thus, the lines stating if they hadbut world enough (Marvell line 1) then her coyness would be more highly permitted and not a crime. Perhaps Marvell included this bit about crime because typically prostitutes are the ones who use coquettish techniques to acquire the attention of potential clients and thus the womans coyness is associated with sexual hedonism.Whatever the cause of the coyness (employment of pure ego) it is elucidate that the narrator does not mind the attention. Although, another take on this notion of being co y could have more to do with the time period in which Marvell wrote the poem (1650) during which a woman was typically shy and not forward while in male company and therefore this brave act of romance caught the poet off guard. Continuing on with the narrative part of the story, Marvell further suggests in his poem what he and the young woman would venture out into their world and do We would sit down, and think which wayTo walk, and pass our long loves day. Thou by the Indian Ganges side Shouldst rubies find I by the tide (Marvell lines 3-6). Here Marvell gives a glimpse of his homelands exploration into the world and names exotic location by which these two could walk (or love by). Mainly, exploration was done in the East and this exotic atmosphere perhaps pairs well with how brazenly the mistress is flirting with the narrator. Thus, Marvell is coupling the woman with the landscape by which he thinks she could better flourish- a place where being coy is not considered a crime.The reby does Marvell transport this moment into a more exotic locale which further supports the idea that the poet is a romantic in the sense of wooing. To further illustrate Marvells romantic nature he states, Love you ten geezerhood before the flood And you should, if you please, refuse Till the conversion of the Jews (Marvell lines 8-10). This again refers to having a world of there own in which apparently time and space do not exist in any rational form or according to strong-arm laws of nature which would allow Marvell to have loved this woman since Noahs fated flood (again, support for the romance of the poem).The last line of this part makes reference to the Jews a reference which alludes to the manner in which Marvell would love this mistress. That is to say that he would love her in the same strict fashion that the Jews never converted to Christianity despite the Inquisition which was a time period that at the writing of this poem had ended a coke or years earlier but a me mory that was still fervently in the minds of the people of Europe.Marvell connotes many ghostly themes in this poem that help to show his knowledge of religion which further creates an atmosphere to the poem (perhaps Marvell is even stating that he will love this woman in a platonic fashion or nonsexual way until they are married as the Bible suggests should happen between man and wife). This idea of physical love and abstinence from sex until marriage carries further into the poem as Marvell states, My ve discombobulateable love should grow Vaster than empires, and more slow (Marvell lines 11-12)This concept of vegetable love means that Marvell will love this woman for her self instead of for her sex. This is derived from the fact that Marvell suggests a vegetable love rather than a fruit love fruits have a long association with sex and sexual passions and because Marvell chose to not allude to fruit but to vegetable (meaning vegetative perhaps and therefore dormant, or rather, latent sexual activity or sex after marriage) in order to support his proclamation of saving sex for marriage.Also, vegetables are a deep floor plant which further illustrates Marvell desires to love this woman with a deep love not a purely fleshy love. If then Marvell is looking for a more lasting relationship with this woman it is no wonder that in lines 13 through 18 he expresses such a love through ages. Although the reader has already been exposed to the type of ageless love Marvell silently promises this woman with the flood (an antiquarian allusion) he further tells of an ageless bond between himself and this woman as well as the magnitude of this love with the following lines,An hundred years should go to praise Thine eyes, and on they forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast, But thirty thousand to the rest An age at least to every part, And the last age should show your heart (Marvell lines 13-18). In these lines alike, Marvell seems to telling of his hopes for thi s union. He desires a woman who has a true heart and therefore is not only interested in sex. He wants a darling who will stay by him in old age as well as in their youth. Marvell seems to be placing a lot of emphasis on carnal pleasure versus what he perceives to be a more pure form of love.Albeit both will exist in his relationship with this woman should they get married, what Marvell truly wants out of this relationship is a lasting companion. His many allusions to time seem to fit with this theory fairly well considering he mentioned loving her until the revealing (it is said that the Jews will not convert to Christianity until the end of the world which is when Marvell professed he would love this woman). However, it seems that Marvell has a change of heart toward the last lines of the poem when he obviously begs the girl for sexual gratification.Thus, the poem itself presents a timeframe of the poets thoughts leading from love to sex and back again. It seems that while Marv ell desires a chaste union he also requires a more carnal pleasure right away. There may be something rather male delivered in the lines Times winged transport hurrying near (Marvell line 25) which speaks to not wanting to waste any more time being strangers but to gain union together. Thus, despite the poems romantic notions the poets theme remains clear pleasure and passion and love.Works Cited Cullen, Patrick. Imitation and Metamorphosis The Golden-Age Eclogue in Spenser, Milton, and Marvell. PMLA Vol. 84, NO. 6 (Oct. 1969) 1559-1570. Hogan, Patrick G. Marvells Vegetable Love. Studies in Philology, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jan. 1963) 1-11. Hyman, Lawrence W. Politics and Poetry in Andrew Marvell. PMLA, Vol. 73, No. 5 Part 1. (Dec. 1958) 475-479. Legouis, Pierre. Andrew Marvell Further Biographical Points. The in advance(p) Language Review. Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct. 1923), 416-426. Summers, Joseph H. Marvells Nature. EHL. Vol. 20, No. 2 (June 1953) 121-135. Tolliver, Harold. The Critical Rep rocessing of Andrew Marvell. ELH, vol. 47, no. 1 (Spring 1980) 180-203.

Not All Those Who Wander Are Lost

Not All Those Who Wander Are disordered Steph Johnson ENG 155 January 23rd, 2012 Professor Jan Ward Not All Those Who Wander Are Lost A long, white beard and curious eyes peering from underneath a largely pointed hat often leave an imprinted image in mind. A studious grin and archaic tobacco pipe complete the picture formed. The faint imagery of what a wizard is can only be complete when sentiment of Gandalf the Grey. A magic staff and a knowledgeable mind are cause for the quest that Gandalf sets out on in the novel The Hobbit by J.R. R. Tolkien. He can overcome adversity and aid his fellowship of 14 unlikely creatures in their attempt to regain their long-lost home. Gandalf is a venerable wizard and exemplifies a fabulous mavin throughout his entire written history. Gandalf always seems to be in the right place at the right time with a sort of approval about him, as if always waiting for the perfect moment. His knowledge of Middle Earth is inexplicable he rarely misses a beat . Although he is non on a personal quest, he is quick to help those he sees fit.Several times over the fellowship found themselves in a sticky situation, and Gandalf appeared only skillful in time. Knowledge, a keen eye, the desire to do what is right, and also a grain of mystery are all constituentistics residing in Gandalf the Grey. According to Tolkien-Online (2007), Tolkien was likely intemperately influenced by one of the tales found in the Elder Edda which tells of the Norse god Odin traveling the Earth in the guise of a bearded erstwhile(a) man with a staff. Gandalf the Grey shares several similarities with the Father God known as Odin. For instance, he is seen as the overseer of the group. He unintentionally becomes a pay back figure within the fellowship. He is constantly keeping them out of the trouble they so easily find themselves in on their adventure. Gandalf finds himself in a problematical situation in The Fellowship of the Rings and essentially dies. However, h e is simply reincarnated from Gandalf the Grey into a more powerful and poignant Gandalf the White, which is similar to Odin. Odins death upon the tree is very more of a shamanic ritual descent to discover magic runes than an actual death (Leeming, 1990, p. 162). Although there is physical death, it is not enough to keep these figures from life. Gandalf the Grey exemplifies a mythological hero in the sense that he defies the odds against him (which are a great deal) and overcomes the darkness attempting to pull him in. As a wizard, he is freaky and hard-headed. He is a necessary character in the story of Middle Earth and without him, the chain of events written about by Tolkien would not have been possible.The objective of Gandalfs quest in The Hobbit is to take back the Lonely Mountain from the devious dragon known as Smaug, and regain the home for Thorin and his kind once more. Gandalf knows what morose troubles lie before them and feels a burglar is necessary to join the fell owship. With this information, he invites a hobbit with the name of Bilbo to join the quest, and ultimately shapes the stories that follow with one simple scene. Bilbo encounters a ring and hastily shoves it into his pocket.He thinks little of this and is eventually safely back within the fellowship. Gandalf is curious and aware of what Bilbo may have taken ownership of, but does not mention it for several years (and the following story). The fellowship is successful in defeating Smaug and the dwarves take their original place within the Lonely Mountain. Gandalf is a classic character with simple qualities he is a strong-willed wizard with more knowledge, and cunning than meets the eye.His quest proves dangerous and he prevails by using several of the mythological characteristics he portrays. He attains striking similarities to the Norse god, Odin. Tolkien himself acknowledged the similarity in a 1946 letter, calling Gandalf an Odinic wanderer (Tolkien-Online, 2007). Gandalf is a ve nerable wizard and exemplifies a mythological hero throughout his entire written history. References Tolkien-Online. (2007). Retrieved from http//www. tolkien-online. com/gandalf. html Leeming, D. A. (1990). The world of myth. New York, New York Oxford University Press.

I Admire

I admire a lot of people besides the person I admire the most is my mother . She is the most important person in my life. There is no reason for me to live without her by my side. My ma is a veterinary doctor. She loved to help other because she says it was her dream when she was a child. She works hard e real day and she likes to learn something new every day. She leads a wonderful family life she is always cheerful and. She has been married for 3 years. I admire her because she is very intelligent, ambitious and she has many goals in her life.She takes care of us because she loves us. She is as well as a wonderful mother, very patient, sensitive and warm-hearted. She knows answers to every question, even those shes very silly. Mom is so patient and sensible, even when she helps others to solve their problems. She is great sportsman to be with because she has a great sense of humor. My mother has many talents. She is a great runner, a good singer. Generally, Mum is a warm and fr iendly person. She is very patient and careful with everything that she does.She never lets social life get in the way of our relationship. She says that family is the most important things in her life. She is very important to me, because she teaches me to be a better person every day. She is a good example to me and I love her for many more reasons. I admire my mom so more than and I love her. She can always advise me. She wants the best things for our family . I want to be like her when I grow up and even if we were a thousand miles away our hearts will always be together and forever.

Is Bottled Water Safer than Tap Water?

The question on whether on whether feeding bottled water supply is safer for drinking than water faucet water is marked with many contr oversies and therefore it is a subject of argueion. This paper seeks to discuss reasons as to why bottled water is not safer than tap water. The National Resource defensive structure Council sustain that the rules regulate bottled water were not sufficient to guarantee the peoples safety. The food and drug administration was trusty for the bottled water at national levels and allowed carbonated water (NRDC, 2008).Further to this, bottled water is not often tested for bacterial or any other contamination and this creates loop holes for unsafe water to be bottled. Bottled water has been confirmed by the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) through a four year research check out to be not necessarily safe. This research study was inclusive of the safety standards that regulate the bottled water intentness in comparison with the national rul es governing the tap water.The NRDC after carrying out test on over 1000 bottles come to the conclusion that a reasonable percentage of all bottled water was just tap water, which was not treated (NRDC, 2008). The fact that different water bottling companies exist and carry their bottling procedures differently need to be appreciated right at the beginning of this paper otherwise its content could be generalized unnecessarily. This is because as per the National Resource Defense council, some companies product was found to satisfy the safety rules but others prove to be contaminated by harmful chemicals which were put with an aim of improving test.Research studies have shown that plastic bottle which argon commonly used for bottling water have some chemicals which can disassociate and leach into the water. These chemicals are known to affect testosterone which is a vital hormone in human beings. References Natural Resource Defense Council. (2008). Bringing Safe Water to the World. Retrieved August 11, 2010, from http//www. nrdc. org/international/safewater. asp

Define and discuss what is hearsay, what is not hearsay, and some common exceptions to the hearsay rule

Hearsay is a testimony tending(p) in which the spectator does not directly hear or experience what he or she is better-looking testimony to. In that poser, the testimony being declargond is indirect because what is being asserted was not experienced first-year hand by the declarant, and therefore cannot really testify if it happened or not because the knowledge came from mortal else. This brings complications because the original or first-hand witness is not present in the philander, and thus, cannot be cross-examined, or thoroughly scrutinized. For this reason, hearsay is generally unaccepted as point in the US judicature system, especially in poisonous cases.But as with all rules, there are exemptions to it as well. There are instances when hearsay is the moreover management to present a certain piece of show up. For example, if the original witness has passed away, so presenting hearsay testimony is the only available run for of action. In this case, the court mu st consider the hearsay grounds Some ballpark exemptions are dying declarations or a story made while the person is dying declarations against amuse or when the person testifies to m whateverthing that may cause some negative effect on the witness. . How has the Crawford vs. working capital case impacted the admissibility of hearsay evidence in criminal trials? The case of Crawford vs. Washington is a landmark court decision which necessitated the need redraw the rules guiding the use of hearsay evidence. The Supreme Court upset the decision of the Washington Supreme Court and upheld the decision of the Washington Court of Appeals to reverse Michael Crawfords conviction for assault and act murder against Kenneth Lee.The case revolved around whether Susans recorded disputations in the patrol station would be admissible as evidence against her husband. Under court rules, spouses are not allowed to testify against their partner, without the express allowance of the umbrageo us, or if the spouse is the complainant in the case. In Crawford vs. Washington, the plaintiff presented the court with Susan Crawfords testimony in front of the police the disproof argued that this evidence cannot be accepted because Michael, the suspect, cannot confront the testimony because Susan, as his spouse, cannot tin witness in his trial.The court denied the defenses petition and accepted Susans recorded statement made to the police where she said that Kenneth was not proceeding a weapon at that time. This testimony shattered the defenses not guilty plea by virtue of self-defense, and Michael was convicted of the crime. The element of hearsay in this case lies in the fact that Susans recorded testimony is presented by the police, and Susan cannot be presented in court to corroborate or refute the statement because as Michaels wife, she cannot do so.In this case, the Supreme Court overturned the conviction because Michaels right to confront the witnesses testifying agains t him was denied. Based on this, the Supreme Court decided to scoop out Susans recorded statement, and thus, there was insufficient evidence to convict Michael, and he was exonerated. 3. Discuss some of the situations where the elisionary rule does not apply, despite the commission of some constitutional violation by the government. The Exclusionary Rule holds that any(prenominal) evidence that is gathered through unlawful or unconstitutional means will not hold in any criminal trial.Particularly, any evidence that is gathered through self-incrimination under duress or ignorance, and unlawful searches and seizures will not be recognized by any criminal court in the United States. The Exclusionary Rule is one of the principal ways to enforce a system of checks and balances within the US court system. This prevents any abuse or misuse from taking place. This rule is the reason why police are mandated by law to inform suspects of their Miranda Rights, especially when they will be de tained and interrogated.If the Miranda warning was not explicitly given, then any statements made during the ensuing interrogation will not be considered by the court. Of course there are exclusions to the Exclusionary Rule as well. The Exclusionary Rule is very specific only in so far as establishing the guilt or innocence of the suspect is concerned. This evidence can still be presented in order to question the reliability or honesty of the defendants testimony. Another exclusion is called the inevitable discovery doctrine.This doctrine argues that there are some pieces of evidence, gathered though an unlawful search, that would aim eventually been discovered by elements of the law in the normal course of their investigation. This assumption maintains that the evidence would contrive been found and that it is only a matter of time before it is discovered. There are also more cases wherein the exclusionary law may be challenged, depending on the circumstances that led to the unl awful search. 4. Discuss the ordinal Amendment fringe benefit against self incrimination and some of the various situations where it does not apply.The Fifth Amendment ensures the privilege of an accused to refuse to issue questions that might further incriminate or be used against him. This right can be invoked at any given time during investigation, up until the final deliberation of the case. The Fifth Amendment can only be invoked during a direct questioning or interrogation. This right against self-incrimination protects the individual from saying something that might further defile his or her case. There are cases when the individual may choose to disclose what he or she knows approximately a particular case in exchange for immunity.The government often uses this to bait the bigger fishes, for example in a criminal ring or network. In order to gather valuable information that would lead to more indictments, law enforcers offer immunity against criminal persecution. They m ay also be entered into the witness protection program to ensure the witnesses and their families safety. 5. Discuss the four major tests that govern the admissibility of vindications in criminal trials. The Fifth Amendment prevents and protects suspects from making self-incriminating statements, and because of this, the US courts do not accept confessions at face value.Before accepting confessions as evidence in a court case, it must pass a four-pronged test made to establish if the confession was indeed given voluntarily without threat or coercion of any kind. The first test asks whether the statement was given voluntarily or not. This establishes the circumstances surrounding the act of confession. The second adjudicates if the confession was given in spite of being given the Miranda warning. This means that the confession was given in full deliberation, and acceptance of the consequences of his confession.The triplet test finds out if any sort of discharge was issued by the suspect. Finally, the fourth determines if the waiver, if there is one, is clear and unambiguous, without any room for double meaning or misinterpretation. In this case, a waiver refers to a document or a recorded statement that certifies that the suspect is relinquishing his/her legal rights and is giving a full confession. However, this waiver presupposes a thorough understanding of ones rights before these rights can actually be waived. If the suspect is not capable of such discernment, then the confession might be disputed. . How do some of the rules of evidence limit or even frustrate the search for the truth? Discuss the operation of these rules and their impact on justice. The basic prerequisite of any case is being able to present enough evidence to determine if the suspect is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. If the evidence fails to show guilt beyond reasonable doubt, then the suspect should be acquitted. In a criminal case, the prosecutor has the burden of proof meaning th at the defense is not required to present any evidence if the prosecutor failed to make their case in the first place.As such, being able to present material evidence is important for justice. The problem is that sometimes, the rules governing the admissibility of evidence prevents the truth from coming out, and impairs the fair disposal of justice. However, it is a fair trade. The rules of evidence ensure that the rights of the accused are protected, even as the rights of the innocent are upheld. It is not foolproof, but it is the best arrangement that can be made under the circumstances a compromise to balance the rights of everyone involved.

Chief Seattle Oration Analysis

Seattle Chiefs Ovation The comer of the European colonists in New England in the 17th century pushed the inseparable the Statesns to the west and eventu eithery sparking their demise. intensive logging impacted their environment, epidemic diseases from Europe claimed peppys of thousands of Native Americans, and the Euro-Americans simply took over regions and the land of the native community. The Native Americans were outraged by their inferiority and on the colonists treatment of the environment.The Chief Seattles 1854 oratory is a speech in response to a proposed treaty in which the Indians were persuaded to give up thousands of earth to the US government for a sum of 150,000 dollars. The Chief Seattles Oration is considered to be the most profound environmental statements in history. The Chief Seattle was the leader of the DkhwDuwAbsh, and a prominent figure in the Indian-American relationship of the time. At this time, numerous Native Americans were being scattered out of th eir tribes by the Americans and it was believed that they would be extinct.In the speech, The Chief Seattle attempts to convince the American conquerors that they should treat them fairly despite their inferiority to the American people. by figurative language and his respect for disposition, the Chief appeals to the Governor of their decision to take over Washington do of their time. Prior to the colonisation of North America by the Europeans, the Native Americans lived peacefully and they saw their environmental as communal. Their low-impact technologies saw them live in harmony and respecting the environment.Their religion revolved around the belief that animals, plants, rocks, mountains, rivers, and stars had souls. Upon arrival, the European colonists in a flash began take natural resources for European trading and usage. Large forests were cut down for firewood, trading, and agriculture animals were killed for skin, the girdling of the trees prevented the leaves from growi ng and eventually killing it. For every person added to the population, one or two hectors of land was cultivated.This tr finis continued on until the beginning of the 20th century, and to this day, 1/3 of Americas forests have been cut down causing devastating environmental disruptions. The land which was once peaceful and quiet, home to the Native Americans who respected and loved it had changed horribly. passim Americas history, the capitalist Americans viewed the natural resources as a possibility for economic growth. The formation of a free market meant that government legislation and fiscal policies were inadequate to prevent environmental demolitions.From the Colonisation up to the 20th century, the United States government failed to apply sustainable growth. This reflects on how our world economy is working. Governments fail to uphold environmental issues in order to boost the economy. The Chief Seattle underlines the value of the environment. He chief treats nature as a l iving thing. Yonder sky that has wept tears of compassion upon my people for centuries untold, and which to us appears changeless and eternal, whitethorn change. Today is fair. Tomorrow it may be overcast with slanders. This use of personification in this line relates to how the rain down is coming from the sky, but with the incursion of the Americans, natures natural course is twisted, thus a cloud will overcast the compassionate tears of the sky. The Chief is sympathetic towards his people he states that my people atomic number 18 few. They resemble the scattering tress of a storm-swept plain. The Chief underlines the value of the trees, and whilst most of the mass logging occurred during Americas colonisation, the biodiversity was badly affected during this time period.This relates to how the Native American race is slowly coming to an end and it resembles the logging of the trees cut down by the Americans. Hence, the Chief emphasises that his men are part of nature at that placefore they are dying with it. Furthermore, the chief argues that the Euro-Americans never appreciated nature. Our dead never forget this elegant world that gave them being. They still love its verdant valleys, its murmuring rivers, and its magnificent mountains. The Chief highlights that his race wanted nature, and the love of nature goes on after their deaths.The tone of the speech suddenly becomes more aggressive in the 9th paragraph. He argues that your time of decay may be distant, but it will surely come, for even the neat Man whose God walked and talked with him as a friend to friend, cannot be exempt from the common destiny. The chief states that there will come a time, when their civilisation will come to an end and God will be unable to help them. This can be related to the damage we are doing now with climate change.Global thawing is now considered a threat to our world, with growing average temperatures the climate is changing and can cause devastating natural d isasters. Global Warming has been scientifically proven to be all caused by humans destroying the worlds biodiversity and harming the earths atmosphere. Logging contributes to global warming, by deregulating the oxygen in the atmosphere. Therefore at this time, the logging of trees destroyed the biodiversity, and the Chief contended that whilst the Euro-Americans cut down trees, it will backfire on them and destroy their civilisation.In the last paragraph, the Chief quotes that these shores will swarm with the invisible dead of my tribe, and when your childrens children think themselves but in the field, the store, the shop, the highway, or in the silence of the pathless woods, they will not be alone. In all the earth there is no place dedicated to solitude. The Chief describes that the legacy of his tribe will live on. This describes how the Natives have so much respect for their land, and they will value it forever, and live on with for eternity.Moreover, The Euro-Americans and the Native American had contrasting views on the environments. The Natives had a belief that the environment is sacred and should be preserved, whereas the Euro-Americans preferred to economically advance from nature. During this era, the industrialisation of America was booming, and the timber industry was at its peak. Nothing was known of the consequences for destroying the environment, however the Native Americans had their customs duty to respect the environment and preserve it forever however this belief was uncommon to the European settlers.

Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Essay

AbstractAccording to the World health presidency an estimated 200 million people globally are affected by serious genial health problems, even, research evidence refers that only around one-third of those experiencing rational health difficulties actually essay treatment. A number of psycho-social and demographic factors soak up been found to explain variation in attitudes towards, and intentions to, seek mental help. This take on sought to examine the association between attitudes towards desire mental health services and intentions to absorb in mental counselling. The sample for the current find out consisted of 331 active and retired members of the national law of nature force of the body politic of Ireland. It was predicted that psychological openness, help-seeking propensity, and indifference to stigma would all positively predict intentions to participate in psychological counselling, after(prenominal) controlling for age, gender and personality factors.The res ults showed that Finish AbstractIntroductionAccording to the World Health Organisation an estimated 200 million people globally are affected by serious mental health problems (Mollica, 2000). Available data, however, suggests that only around one-third of those experiencing mental health difficulties actually make treatment wholesaler (Kessler et al., 2009). This is of concern not only because of the deleterious impact on individuals lives, but similarly because of the associated economic and societal costs of untreated mental health problems (Kessler et al., 2009). A number of psycho-social and demographic factors have been found to explain variation in attitudes towards, and intentions to, seek psychological help (e.g., Bartels, 2003 Segal, Coolidge, Mincic, & ORiley, 2005 Vogel, Wester, Wei, & Boysen, 2005). How favourable and efficient one believes psychological counselling to be, ones own belief in their capacity to utilize in counselling, and perceptions of subsequent soci al rejectionfollowing counselling attendance, have been identified as particularly powerful (e.g., Hyland, McLaughlin, Boduszek, & Prentice, 2012 Vogel & Wester, 2003).Research also suggests that females may be significantly much apt(predicate) than males to hold favourable attitudes towards utilising mental health services (e.g., Chandra & Minkovitz 2006 Raunic & Xenos, 2008), although some studies have shown that males and females do not differ in their attitudes or intentions towards the custom of mental health services (e.g., Kelly & Achter, 1995 Vogel & Wester, 2003). Additionally, personality factors have been suggested to impact upon individuals help-seeking attitudes and intentions. Jagdeo, Cox, Stein, and Sareen (2009) found that antisocial personality disoblige was associated with greater negative attitudes towards help-seeking using data from the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) (n = 5877) and the Ontario Health Survey (OHS) (n = 6902). presumptuousness the disp arity between mental health service needs and service utilization a more comprehensive understanding of the factors involved in counselling-seeking behaviour is required.The Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health operate (IASMHS Mackenzie, Knox, Gekoski, & Macaulay, 2004) is a 24- position racing shell designed to assess the attitudinal factors that influence the seeking of mental health services. This scale was real based upon Fisher and Turners (1970) Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale. The scale was positive with a clear theoretical foundation, and its increasing use in research (James & Buttle, 2008 Loya, Reddy, & Hinshaw, 2010 Mackenzie, Gekoski, & Knox, 2006 Mojaverian, Hashimoto, & Kim, 2012 Floersch et al., 2009). The IASMHS initially included 41-items, however the results an exploratory factor epitome (EFA) using maximum likelihood estimation among a sample of 208 vainglorious volunteers (Mackenzie et al., 2004) reduced the num ber of items in the scale to 24.Results indicated that the 24-item scale could be explained in terms of trey match factors, which accounted for 43% of variance (a) Psychological Openness (the degree to which an individual is open to acknowledging the presence of a psychological problem and to seek lord care for such a problem), (b) Help-Seeking Propensity (ones willingness and perceived ability to seek help for psychological problems), and (c) Indifference to Stigma (how concerned an individual would tonicity were significant others to let loose that they were receiving psychological care).Internal consistency coefficients for the IASMHS subscales were reported to be good with Cronbachs alphas of .82 (psychological openness), .76 (help-seeking propensity), and .79 (indifference to stigma).Factor correlations were moderate with r values ranging from .37 to .47. In the same paper, using an independent sample of 293 undergraduate university students and employing confirmatory fac tor analysis (CFA) techniques, Mackenzie and colleagues (2004) reported that they replicated the three-factor solution indicated by the EFA. Model fit was acceptable and factor correlations ranged from r = .26 to .43. The current study aims to assess the degree to which intentions to participate in psychological counselling can be predicted by attitudes towards seeking mental health services. Specifically, it was predicted that psychological openness, help-seeking propensity, and indifference to stigma would all positively predict intentions to participate in psychological counselling, after controlling for age, gender and personality factors.MethodParticipantsThe sample for the current study consisted of 331 (Males n = 202 Females n = 129) active and retired members of the national police force of the Republic of Ireland. Of the officers recruited, 302 (91%) were currently dowry members of the Irish police force, era 29 (9%) were retired. Participants ranged in age from 20 to 77 years, with an average age of 28.41 years (SD = 8.63). just under half the sample of officers were stationed in rural areas (45%, n = 149), 41% were stationed in suburban areas (n = 136), and 14% were stationed in urban areas (n = 46). The majority of officers who participated in this study were recent entrants into the police service with 63% of respondents indicating that they had been serving for two years or less (n = 209). Approximately half were married (48%, n = 159), while the remain participants either resided with parents (27%, n = 89), lived with other family members (3%, n = 10), or lived alone (22%, n = 73).ProcedureThe majority of study participants were recruited during a training seminar (n = 259), while the remaining officers were recruited via formal written requests (n = 72). Appropriate authorization was granted from the applicableofficials to carry out the study. In total, 532 members were approached to get along the research questionnaire, and 365 volunteer ed their participation (68%). However due to overwhelming absent data in 34 returned surveys only 331 responses were retained for the final analysis (62%).Participants were required to complete an anon. self-report, paper-and-pencil questionnaire booklet which included an instruction sheet and a consent form attached to the front of the booklet. Participants were sensible about confidentiality and informed that their participation was voluntary. Completed questionnaires were returned by the participants to their superior officer in sealed envelopes, and were by and by returned to the principal investigator.MeasuresThe Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS Mackenzie et al., 2004) is a 24-item scale designed to total an individuals attitudes towards seeking mental health services. The IASMHS was developed in order to whole tone three factors labeled (a) Psychological openness, (b) Help-seeking propensity, and (c) Indifference to stigma. Psychological openness reflects the degree to which an individual is open to acknowledging the presence of a psychological problem and to seek professional care for such a problem. Help-seeking propensity reflects ones willingness and perceived ability to seek help for psychological problems. Indifference to stigma refers to how concerned an individual would feel if significant others were to discover that they were receiving psychological care. Each factor is proposed to be measured via 8 items and each item is measured using a five point Likert-scale ranging from 0 (disagree) to 4 (agree).Intentions to move in Psychological Counselling Intentions were measured as part of a larger questionnaire designed to measure the various constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991). This questionnaire was constructed according to the guidelines set forth by Ajzen (1991, 2002). The questionnaire was based upon a fictitious scenario which included the four elements of time, context, action, an d target, as proposed by Ajzen and Fishbein (1977). The scenario describes an event that took place six hebdomads previously in which an individual witnesses a severe roadtraffic accident. In the intervening six weeks this individual begins to induce significant personality changes.The individual is reported to now experience prolonged periods of extreme sadness, lack of energy, disoblige thoughts related to the traumatic event, reduced interest in normally pleasurable activities, severe panic attacks while outside, and refusal to leave the house even for work. A friend of this individual attends a G.P. about the matter and the G.P. recommends that the expound person should attend a professional psychologist for counselling within the next week. An appointment is thus do for next week. Participants in this study are asked to place themselves in the position of this fictitious person and to complete the questions that follow (see Appendix A for the full vignette).Behavioural inte ntions were measured via three items (Cronbachs alpha = .77). 1. How likely is it that you would intend to go along to see a professional psychologist for counseling within the next week if you were in Terrys position? 2. You will try to participate in counseling with a professional psychologist within the next week. 3. You have decided to participate in counseling with a professional psychologist within the next week. Each item was measured along a seven point Likert scale ranging from 1 (extremely unlikely) to 7 (extremely likely) and the scores on the three questions were summed. Higher scores on this scale indicate stronger intentions to engage in counselling.

Personal and Team Effectiveness

Personal and Team military capability Introduction In every organization particularly in the Health and Social Care perseverance which involves man-to-man employees and the entire workforce to where they are the companys backbone of its existence it whole rely on the importance of personal and aggroup up effectivity to achieve the organizations mission line of reasoning and operate to their customers.In the influence of the management and organisational movers on the effectiveness of the great deal involved in the attention particularly through initiateing their ability to work effectively in groups and developing their knowledge and skills so that they female genital organ contribute to the delivery of a quality serve up. All organizations require their community, at times, to work in groups. The most successful organizations find ways to realize the full potential and capability of groups.They understand the pregnant contribution that groups can make effective gr oups usually outperform individual(a)s. Organizations are comfortable establishing, empowering and promoting the participation of battalion in groups, value change and adaptation as key to improving productivity, quality and customer service and are constantly look for creative ways to use groups to drive deed improvements.In looking at strategies for personal and professional development which refine behaviours, improve capability and give individuals the confidence and competence to excel non only for themselves but as part of the entire Health Care team as assignn in high-performing organizations, the most successful groups function as teams. Teams flourish in organizations which create a climate where people want to work together giving their best efforts. DefinitionPersonal effectiveness is a branch of the self help movement dealing with success, goals, and related concepts. Personal effectiveness integrates some ideas from the power of positive thinking and Positive Ps ychology but in general it is distinct from the unseasoned Thought Movement. Team effectiveness refers to the system of getting people in a company or institution to work together effectively. The idea behind team effectiveness is that a group of people working together can achieve much much than if the individuals of the team were working on their own. marrowAccording to Carl Jungs premise that all change and development starts from within and its principle underpins to the approach and it all start with personal effectiveness. The middle and senior managers in Health and Social Care should develop their skills and competencies in leading and managing the team. It is where the management of to severally one organization would find how to enlighten and generate each of them to explore and examining the facets that each of the employees are unique and valuable individual in the organization for the better right of the entire workforce.By exploring the preferences of others to understand why they behave as they do particularly and inspire those that are into the team and show them how to adapt and collaborate for improved interactions. The team leader and managers should see through it that the individuals and the entire team should counseling on the implications and evaluating the by using management for the people for improving the organizational cognitive operation. In every individual, each has their own personality, style and personal interactions for effectively doing the job.By achieving this personal development and individual effectiveness comes with cookery, biography development, staff development plans and the management get out implement the development programs by in-house pedagogy, using supervision and appraisal, out-of-door courses, action-centred learning, lifelong learning, coaching and mentoring, assessing competence. The monitoring performance of individuals through observation, appraisal, periodic review, and achievement of su ccessful outcomes as come up as the use of targets, bench attach, feedback from others is one key factor in measuring personal effectiveness. By Identifying individual training and evelopment needs monitoring of performance, career development planning, changing personal circumstances. Strategies for promoting continuous development achieving competence, training versus education, partnerships, staff development plans, compliance with external requirements, dedicated allocation of resources, use of external kite marks for example Investors in People. In assessing the individual effectiveness is by describing variant ways in which the performance of individuals working in health and social care may be monitored and by describing how individual training and development needs may be identified.Analyse different strategies for promoting the continuing development of individuals in the health and social care workplace. The effective staff development programme may be implemented and valuate the effectiveness of a specific staff development programme with which the management is familiar. Team effectiveness is refractory by several factors The right mix of skills. Team effectiveness depends in part on saving together people who have different skills that somehow complement each other. This can mean different technical abilities or communication skills.In fact, teaming up people who share the exact same characteristics is oft a recipe for disaster. Team effectiveness depends on people victorious on different roles in a group setting. If there is no agreement on who does what in the group, it is unlikely that the team get out prosper. The right motivation. Team effectiveness is directly linked to the interest that the group has on the project. If the job is in any case easy or too difficult, or if the rewards for achieving the end result do not seem expenditure the effort, the team may end up working half-heartedly in the project.The task should in like manner have a clear outcome. Working towards a specific goal enhances team effectiveness significantly. The ability to net conflicts without compromising the quality of the project. Team work has one major downfall. Sometimes groups end up qualification decisions they know are not in the best interest of the project, just so they can cargo deck the process moving. Conflict is innate to any work done in groups, and should be taken as part of the challenge rather than as something to be avoided by compromising. Team effectiveness should be increased, not compromised, through conflict.The model of team development as developed by Bruce Tuckman that teams evolve through quadruple main stages. Forming is when the members are first brought together. It is a period of exploration, testing and orientation. Storming is a difficult but fateful stage, where members may compete and conflict. Norming is the stage where the team starts to pull together, and noticeable progress begins to be made. Performing is characterized by a high level of task focus, and the team producing consistent and excellent results.Discussion It is important as well for a team leader to create a climate in which people can develop and contribute to their full potential. The climate must be one of cooperation, commitment, and team focus. A good leader must also be a good coach. Different members are used as resource leaders because of their knowledge or experience. The focus is on how to get the job done, not on who controls the team. Team members are empowered to do the job they must do. Everyone is involved in the functioning of the team.In light of the discussion, the following points summarize the conditions required to create an effective team environment, each of these factors is important, and they are also highly interdependent. All of these factors are critical to achieving an effective and high performing team. Leaders can help create these conditions through the following behav iours. 1. Trust, Respect and Support come along and protect team member novelty in views, backgrounds, and experiences. Inspire teamwork and mutual support through example. Keep your commitments and expect the same from all team members. 2. Commitment to the Team Support and positively represent the team to senior management, peers and other employees. Ensure that individual member and team accomplishments are recognized and celebrated providely 3. Shared Vision Clarify the tasks to be accomplished. Establish and communicate a vision about what the members can achieve as a team. Encourage team members to participate in creating their vision of what the team can accomplish. 4. Open and Honest Communications guide fully and openly welcome questions avoid the need to know limitations. When seeking solutions, encourage members to suspend assumptions, mull over on their own thoughts and feelings, clearly voice these, inquire about and listen to opinions of others, and be les s reactive. 5. authority and Involvement of all Members Encourage members to participate. Make it easy for others to see opportunities to work together. Clarify that problem-solving is a responsibleness of all team members. Mediate conflicts before they become destructive. 6.A Learning Environment Guide team members to determine where they actually are relative to their goals, and to clarify why the gaps exist and how to bridge them. Surface and enshroud conflicts as learning situations. Peter Senge, in his book The Fifth Discipline says, One of the most veritable indicators of a team that is continually learning is the visible conflict of ideas. In great teams, conflict becomes productive. shoemakers last In every Health and Social Care organization they must be People Investors to which people or the staffs are a companys most valuable resource.Human beings have unmeasured potential to grow, develop and learn and in that sense constant training and improvement of perso nal and team development is needed for the organization to be successful and create a greater impact to the service user and the people involved in the care and service. The leaders role is to help each team member achieve his or her potential and they act as coach which provide more structure, guidance and direction as well as to clarify tasks, goals, managements expectations, and the way their performance and contributions will be measured.Teams need to be constantly developed for creating an effective approach on how things should be done for the better service to the clients. Members of the team generally have a broader range and depth of skills and experiences. With cost increase and support from the leader and other team members, individual members can enhance their technical, functional, problem-solving, decision-making, interpersonal and teamwork skills by taking some risks and facing some new challenges. Everyone is capable of making decisions that affect them, provided th ey are given the appropriate information and training.People do not resist changes they have been involved in making for the advance of the entire team and the effectively managing the entire conflict which will be turned in to an service in solving the problem. Gaining true employee involvement is an ongoing process, not a one-time effort it always develop each personal and team effectiveness, If a change is affecting the team, the leader must be a role model of the new way. The leader must be able to let go in order to empower people.The leader must train and coach people first so they will be ready and able to succeed. The leader realizes mistakes are unavoidable, and helps people learn from them. A key factor which differentiates teams from work groups involves the interdependence of people. As Stephen Covey points out in The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, interdependence opens up worlds of possibilities for deep, rich, meaningful associations, for geometrically increas ed productivity, for serving, for contributing, for learning, for growing. Reference Tuckman, Bruce W. Developmental Sequence In Small Groups. psychological Bulletin 63, 1965, pp. 382-399 http//gtwebmarque. com/wikis/gtwm/index. php/The_Fifth_Discipline http//www. skillsforcare. org. uk/workforce_strategy/workforce_strategy. aspx http//www. insights. com/LearningSolutions/Expertise/IndividualEffectiveness. aspx http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Team_building http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personal_effectiveness http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-team-effectiveness. htm

Nursing - Nursing Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing - Nursing leadership - Research Paper ExampleIt is active understanding the linguistic context in which a specific healthcare service is delivered. It may not be exactly about having a solid vision, but still it does involve having a nascent idea as to how things ought to be. It unimpeachably involves having the ability to connect to other people. When one analyzes these salient attributes of nursing leadership, the one name that propitiously comes to my judgment is that of Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale not only revolutionized the nursing practices as they existed in her times, but also happened to be an instrumentate of change. Comparing oneself with such a leadership icon is and so humbling. Still, on doing so I become realized that I do share some attributes with Florence Nightingale, while I need to strive heavily to muster some other attributes ascribed to this great nursing leader.Florence Nightingale as a Nursing Leader The one attribute of Florenc e Nightingale was that she came into nursing with a aesthesis impression of passion. She happened to be from a well to do family and could have opted for some easy life by marrying into a status family as her family wanted her to do (Donahue, 2007, p. 199). However, contrary to this, Florence decided to be a nurse at the age of twenty five. There is no denying the fact that Florences choice of a career was imbued with a sense of purpose, a marked sense of direction and a passion for doing something extraordinary in the career she choose. For Florence, it was not about doing something great, but quite a about doing little things with great love. That is indeed true that Florence Nightingale was a luminary and it is not accomplishable for every nurse to achieve that exalted level of vision and purpose, still, considering the present state of healthcare, one indeed pines for that level of passion and zeal in the nursing services. The other big thing about Florence was that she had a clear cut sense of how things were at her times and how they should have been. In the Crimean War, Florence, though still lack much serious experience, was appalled by the circumstances at the hospital at Scutari (Donahue, 2007, p. 201). In fact, acquirement from such experience, when Florence proposed for change in the way military hospitals were run and managed, she witnessed a stiff resistance from closely of the health care personnel deployed in the military hospitals (Donahue, 2007, p. 202). I intensely believe that no intimacy how inexperienced a nurse happens to be, still every health care professional has an innate sense of how the things should be, at least a vague idea. In that context, Florence Nightingale not only served as a leader who acted as an instrument of change, but also played a pivotal role in the management and administration of change. With little hope of help from the military establishment, Florence

Contemporary and International Marketing Case Study

Contemporary and International Marketing - Case hire ExampleThe company employed some new initiatives when shifted to Stoke On Trent. Like Montrose corporate range. smart set has two new brands namely Montrose crystal and Tutbury crystal eponymous. The former product aimed at corporate and introduce sections. While the later aimed basically on consumer trade and hand crafts. The products have standards and withal personalized. Personalized government agency to engrave name or certain another(prenominal) information on it. Bespoke items are also available. Bespoke products are those products which have some other shape than the normal shape. Also it is exclusive tally to the requirement of the customer.The Montrose crystal is less complex than the traditional designs of Tutbury crystal. It has lesser number of cuts. But overall it is much contemporary. The whole tone of the crystal can be judged by the sparkle and glare. It is not easy to judge the quality of crystal. The c ontent of lead is less in Montrose range than the Tutbury crystal.Tutbury Crystal invests 60% of its sales to the deal pulverization work 30% to the organization and rest 10% to the retailers. The company is now providing facilities to create shape of their admit choice through internet. These products are almost 10% cheaper than their competitor like Waterford. The other competitor in his field are Royal Brierly and Royal Doulton.The detail of distribution of its sales is like 60% is the equipment failure price. 10% profit before tax and approximate 8% is the overhead cost 15% is direct labor cost and 6.67% for the material. Its middle east turn over is of about 95%.Tutbury crystal is now looking for its expansion in other countries. This will expand the business and increase its sales and market capitalization. This expansion is also called market entry mode. The entry scheme should be properly designed or it may even cause a big loss to the company. Their are some points whi ch should be unplowed in mind before entering into another untaught. These includes the export strategy, the investment strategy and the contractual strategy.If they are designed properly keeping the keen observation about the market of any other country then it will be easy for the company to jump into the market of that company with cheaper rate and peer quality. These categories help to assess the characteristic of product and its power to capture the market.The national market is independent of other national market. There are many factors that influences the global market. There is a lot of competition in global market. The position of company in any national market effects the image in other country also and this cumulative process causes the company to successfully capture the global market. The counterbalance for the leadership on a worldwide position is in